ABSTRACT The small intestine of 10 apparently healthy adult alpacas was collected in the municipal slaughterhouse of Huancavelica, Peru to describe the anatomical characteristics of Peyer's patches. The highest number of Peyer's patches was observed in the jejunum, followed by the duodenum and ileum (p<0.05), but the highest density was observed in the ileum (p<0.05). There were no significant differences by effect of the sex of the animals. The location with reference to the transverse plane of the intestine was 65.88% on the anti-mesenteric border, 27.87% on the lateral border and 11.40% on the mesenteric border (p<0.05). No clear pattern of distribution with reference to the longitudinal plane was found, except at the level of the ileal valve (2-3 cyst shape Peyer's patches bordering the ileal ring.) Several forms of presentation were observed: the nodular form in the duodenum and jejunum, faviform form in jejunum, cup shape in jejunum, ileum and sporadically in duodenum, and cyst shape, the most prominent, in the distal portions of the ileum. In addition, two intermediate forms were observed: nodular-cup and cupfaviform. It is concluded that the alpaca presents peculiar characteristics in the Peyer's patches different from other domestic species.

RESUMEN Con el objetivo de describir las características anatómicas de las placas de Peyer en la alpaca, se recolectó el intestino delgado de 10 alpacas adultas aparentemente sanas, en el camal municipal de Huancavelica, Perú. El mayor número de placas de Peyer se observó en yeyuno, seguido de duodeno e íleon (p<0.05), pero la mayor densidad fue observada en el íleon (p<0.05). No hubo diferencias significativas por efecto del sexo de los animales. La ubicación con referencia al plano transversal del intestino fue de 65.88% en el borde anti-mesentérico, de 27.87% en el borde lateral y de 11.40% en el borde mesentérico (p<0.05). No se observó un patrón de distribución con referencia al plano longitudinal, excepto a nivel de la válvula ileal (2-3 placas de Peyer tipo quiste bordeando el anillo ileal). Se observaron varias formas de presentación: la forma nodular en duodeno y yeyuno, la faviforme en yeyuno, la de copa en yeyuno, íleon y esporádicamente en duodeno, y las más prominentes, la forma de quiste en las porciones distales del íleon. Además, se observaron dos formas intermedias: nodular-copa y copa-faviforme. Se concluye que la alpaca presenta características peculiares en las placas de Peyer diferentes a otras especies domésticas.

The aim of this study was to identify the angiotensin II receptor antigens in the umbilical artery of the alpaca (Vicugna pacos). Six gravid uteri of alpacas from community farms located at 4000 m above the sea level in Cusco, Peru were used. The gestation time was estimated by the biparietal diameter of the foetus. Histological sections of 5 µm thickness were obtained from each umbilical artery. The Avidin-Biotin-peroxidase immunohistochemistry (IHQ) technique was applied, using IHQ reagents and polyclonal anti-Angiotensin II antibodies. The slides were analysed with a Leica DM750 binocular microscope with digital camera attached and LAS 4.7 Leica Macrosystems software. The intensity of marking was classified qualitatively (0: negative; 1: weak; 2: moderate; 3: strong labelling). For the positive control, ovine umbilical artery samples were used. The angiotensin II receptor antigens were in the smooth muscle cells of the umbilical arteries in the various gestation times. The antigens showed a strong labelling intensity, showing that angiotensin exerts its biological activity of vasoconstriction in the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessel.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar los antígenos receptores de angiotensina II en la arteria umbilical de la alpaca (Vicugna pacos). Se trabajó con seis úteros grávidos de alpacas procedentes de comunidades alpaqueras a 4000 msnm en Cusco, Perú, cuyo tiempo de gestación fue estimado por el diámetro biparietal del feto. Se obtuvieron cortes histológicos de 5 µm de espesor de cada arteria umbilical. Se aplicó la técnica de inmunohistoquímica (IHQ) Avidina-Biotina-peroxidasa, utilizando reactivos de IHQ y anticuerpos policlonales anti-Angiotensina II. Las láminas fueron analizadas con microscopio binocular Leica DM750 con cámara digital anexada y software LAS 4.7 Leica Macrosystems. La intensidad de marcación se clasificó de manera cualitativa (0: sin marcación; 1: marcación leve; 2: marcación moderada; 3: marcación fuerte). Para el control positivo se empleó muestras de arteria umbilical ovina. Los antígenos receptores de angiotensina II se localizaron en las células musculares lisas de las arterias umbilicales en los tiempos de gestación evaluados. Los antígenos presentaron una intensidad de mar- cación fuerte, lo que demuestra que la angiotensina ejerce su actividad biológica de vasoconstricción en las células musculares lisas del vaso sanguíneo.

This study describes the arteries that irrigate the pancreas and small intestine of the alpaca by dissection, angiography, vascular repletion and histology. Six alpacas were used, of which four were older than two years and two were four months old. Macroscopically, the pancreas was mainly irrigated by the pancreatic duodenal cranial and caudal arteries; in addition, branches from the hepatic artery, splenic artery and the branch of the first jejunal artery. These arteries and branches entered the pancreas (left, right and body portions) forming anastomosis in the form of nets, inside the parenchyma. Histological techniques showed that alpaca arteries have two layers, compact and spongy, forming the adventitia tunic of the duodenal cranial and caudal pancreatic arteries, celiac and cranial mesenteric arteries. The caudal duodenal pancreatic artery had the thickest compact adventitial layer, this artery supplying the right pancreatic lobe, part of the left lobe and the duodenum.

Este estudio describe las arterias que irrigan el páncreas e intestino delgado de la alpaca mediante disección, angiografía, repleción vascular e histología. Se emplearon seis alpacas, de las cuales cuatro fueron mayores de dos años y dos de cuatro meses. Macroscópicamente, el páncreas estuvo irrigado principalmente por las arterias pancreática duodenal craneal y caudal; además, ramas provenientes de la arteria hepática, arteria esplénica y la rama de la primera arteria yeyunal. Estas arterias y ramas ingresaron al páncreas (porción izquierda, derecha y cuerpo) formando anastomosis en forma de redes, en el interior del parénquima. Las técnicas histológicas evidenciaron que las capas de las arterias de la alpaca presentan dos capas, compacta y esponjosa, conformando la túnica adventicia de las arterias pancreática duodenal craneal y caudal, celíaca y mesentérica craneal. La arteria pancreática duodenal caudal tuvo la capa adventicia compacta más gruesa, siendo esta arteria la que irriga el lóbulo derecho pancreático, parte del lóbulo izquierdo y el duodeno.

The objective of this study was to identify and describe the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the anatomy of the pancreas of alpacas, both in the last third of the gestation and in the neonate (0-30 days). The study included three foetuses and 18 alpaca crias (0 days [3], 7 days [5], 15 days [5], and 30 days [5]). In the macroscopic analysis, the pancreas was observed in situ, including its ducts and its relationship with other organs, taking biometric measures (body length, height at withers, thoracic perimeter, and abdominal perimeter), as well as the weight of the individuals. Macroscopically, the pancreas is alike to that of adult alpacas. Microscopically, the pancreas presents a definite cellular cytoarchitecture, formed by tubular acinar of acidophilic cytoplasm, elongated of basal nuclei and irregular islets (in size and shape), as well as undifferentiated cell groups. This cytoarchitecture varies in the first week of age, where the conformation of acini and islets is irregular, presenting a high rate of cell division and a great number of precursor cells distributed throughout the field. The cellular activity diminishes with the age, being found in the animals of 30 days a cytoarchitecture quite alike to the one of the adult alpacas.

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar y describir las características macroscópicas y microscópicas de la anatomía del páncreas de la alpaca, tanto en fetos del último tercio de gestación como en neonatos (0-30 días). Se estudiaron los páncreas de tres fetos del último tercio de gestación, y de crías de alpaca recién nacidas (n=3), de 0 días (n=5), 7 días (n=5), 15 días (n=5) y 30 días (n=5). En el estudio macroscópico se observó el páncreas in situ, sus conductos y su relación con otros órganos, tomándose medidas biométricas (longitud corporal, altura a la cruz, perímetro torácico y perímetro abdominal) y el peso de los individuos. Macroscópicamente, el páncreas es similar al de las alpacas adultas. Microscópicamente, el páncreas presenta una citoarquitectura celular definida, formada por acinos tubulares de citoplasma acidófilo, elongado, de núcleos basales e islotes irregulares (en cuanto a tamaño y forma), además de grupos celulares no diferenciados. Esta citoarquitectura varía en la primera semana de edad, donde la conformación de los acinos e islotes es irregular, presentando una alta tasa de división celular y gran cantidad de células precursoras distribuidas por todo el campo. La actividad celular disminuye con la edad, encontrándose en los animales de 30 días de nacidas una citoarquitectura bastante similar al de las alpacas adultas.

The aim of this study was to morphologically characterize the pancreas of young (n=9) and adult (n=5) alpacas. In the macroscopic study, the pancreas was observed in situ to determine the shape and its relationship with other organs. In the microscopic study, routine histologic procedures were applied and histological sections of 5 µm thick were stained with Mayer-Eosin hematoxylin and Masson trichrome. The pancreas is divided in three sections: body, right lobe and left lobe which extend to the left plane, bordering the spleen and in greater proportion to the descendant colon. The hepatopancreatic duct presented two origins; one where the hepatic duct enters the pancreatic parenchyma and it leaves by the right lobe as the hepatopancreatic duct and another where the pancreatic duct joins with the hepatic duct as it emerges from the right lobe to form the hepatopancreatic duct. In the microscopic evaluation was observed that the pancreatic parenchyma is surrounded by a thin layer of connective tissue formed mostly by collagen fibers, which invaginate within the parenchyma forming lobes and pseudolobules, as well as cells with pyramidal shape accommodated in the form of acini. In the parenchyma was observed the islets of Langerhans randomly distributed. The intralobular and interlobular ducts were formed by simple cubic epithelium, and the hepatopancreatic duct was formed by an extensive irregular mucosa covered with columnar epithelium with microvilli. It is concluded that the alpaca pancreas shows morphological differences with other species such as ruminants, herbivores and domestic carnivores

El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una caracterización morfológica del páncreas de alpacas jóvenes (n=9) y adultas (n=5). Para el estudio macroscópico se observó el páncreas in situ reconociendo su forma y relación con otros órganos. Para el estudio microscópico se realizaron cortes histológicos de 5 µm de espesor tiñendo las láminas con hematoxilina de Mayer-Eosina y tricrómico de Masson. El páncreas se divide en tres secciones: cuerpo, lóbulo derecho y lóbulo izquierdo. El lóbulo izquierdo se extiende hacia el plano izquierdo llegando a colindar con el bazo y en mayor proporción al colon descendente. El conducto hepatopancreático presentó dos orígenes: uno donde el conducto hepático se introduce en el parénquima pancreático y lo abandona por el lóbulo derecho como conducto hepatopancreático, y otro donde el conducto pancreático se une con el hepático al emerger del lóbulo derecho para formar el conducto hepatopancreático. En la microscopía se apreció que el parénquima pancreático se encuentra rodeado por una fina capa de tejido conectivo formada en su mayoría por fibras colágenas, que se invaginan dentro del parénquima formando lóbulos y pseudolóbulos, así como células con forma piramidal acomodadas en forma de acinos. Dentro del parénquima se observaron los islotes de Langerhans distribuidos al azar. Los conductos intralobulares e interlobulares se encuentran conformados por epitelio cubico simple, y el conducto hepatopancreático está conformado por una extensa mucosa irregular tapizada de epitelio columnar con microvellosidades. Se concluye que el páncreas de la alpaca muestra diferencias morfológicas con otras especies como rumiantes, herbívoros y carnívoros domésticos

The aim of this study was to identify and evaluate gamma (PP) and delta cells in alpaca pancreas by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Samples were obtained from 30 alpacas from the southern highlands of Peru (crías, juveniles and adults). Histological sections of 5 µm thickness (3 per lobe and 2 of the body) were used. A commercial kit of IHC and polyclonal antibodies (anti-PP and anti-SSTR3) were used to identify PP and delta cells. Rat pancreas samples were used as positive controls. The intensity of the marking was qualitatively classified between 0 (no marking) and 3 (strong marking). PP cells were present in all age groups, mainly in the body and right lobe of the pancreas, being observed mainly in the periphery and intermediate zone of the islets with a medium and strong marking. Delta cells were present in both lobes until 4 months of age, without being observed in juveniles or adults. Delta cells were observed mainly on the periphery of the islets with a light marking.

El estudio tuvo por finalidad identificar y evaluar las células gamma (PP) y delta en páncreas de alpacas mediante inmunohistoquímica (IHQ). Las muestras se obtuvieron de 30 alpacas de la sierra sur del Perú (crías, jóvenes y adultas). Se utilizaron cortes histológicos de 5 µm de espesor (3 por lóbulo y 2 del cuerpo). Se usó un kit comercial de IHQ y anticuerpos policlonales (anti-PP y anti-SSTR3) para identificar las células PP y delta, así como muestras de páncreas de rata como controles positivos. La intensidad de la marcación se clasificó cualitativamente entre 0 (sin marcación) hasta 3 (marcación fuerte). Las células PP estaban presentes en todos los grupos etarios, principalmente en el cuerpo y lóbulo derecho del páncreas, observándose principalmente en la periferia y zona intermedia de los islotes con una marcación media y fuerte. Las células delta estaban presentes en ambos lóbulos hasta los 4 meses de edad, sin observarse en juveniles ni en adultos. Las células delta se observaron principalmente en la periferia de los islotes con una marcación leve.

This study aimed to evaluate the skull osteometry and to calculate the craniometric indexes of adult alpacas (Vicugna pacos). The study was carried out using 30 heads of adult Huacaya alpacas (15 males and 15 females), from the district of Sicuani, Cusco, Peru. The skulls were obtained by the maceration technique. The anatomical description was applied using the recommended terminology by the Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature 2012. A digital vernier was used in the measurement and calculation of craniometric indexes. The «t» test was used to determine differences due to sex. The results showed that adult alpacas do not have sexual dimorphism related to craniometry values. The skulls are the dolichocephalic type with a Total Cephalic Index of 46.43% and ultradolichocranialwith a Total Cephalic Indexof55.42%.Thealpaca face is the hiperleptene type with a Facial Index of 103.17%, presents a Mandibular Index of 62.33% and the facial triangle is of scalene type.

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo la evaluación de la osteometría del cráneo y el cálculo de los índices craneométricos de alpacas (Vicugna pacos) adultas. Se utilizaron 30 cabezas de alpacas Huacaya adultas (15 machos y 15 hembras), provenientes de Sicuani, Cusco, Perú. Los cráneos fueron obtenidos mediante la técnica de maceración. En la descripción anatómica se empleó la terminología recomendada por la Nómina Anatómica Veterinaria 2012. En la medición osteométrica y el cálculo de los índices craneométricos se empleó un vernier digital. El análisis estadístico se hizo con la prueba de «t». Los resultados no indicaron dimorfismo sexual en el aspecto relacionado a la craneometría por efecto del sexo. Los cráneos de la alpaca son de tipo dolicocéfalo conun Índice Cefálico Total de 46.43%, ultradolicocráneo con un Índice Craneal de 55.42%. La cara es del tipo hiperlepteno con un Índice Facial de 103.17%, presenta un Índice Mandibular de 62.33% y el triángulo facial es del tipo escaleno.

Urolithiasis is a common disease in companion animals, but its etiopathogenesis and frequency in rabbits is poorly known. Conventional therapy can be surgical or medical. An alternative treatment based on the use of the plant «stonebreaker» (Phyllantus niruri) is commonly used for human urolithiasis in Peruvian traditional medicine, despite pharmacologic mechanisms are not completely understood yet. It is reported the case of a male rabbit showing dysuria and abdominal pain. Radiologic examination revealed the presence of a radiopaque body in the urethra. Urolithiasis was diagnosed, surgery was scheduled for the next morning and «stonebreaker» tea was suggested as a complementary therapy. The following day the owner found the urolith near the pet’s hutch. Ultrasonography revealed the absence of calculus in the urinary tract. Laboratory analysis revealed the urolith was composed by ammonium magnesium phosphate

La urolitiasis es una enfermedad común en animales de compañía, pero su etiopatogénesis y frecuencia es poco conocida en conejos. El tratamiento convencional sugerido puede ser quirúrgico o médico; sin embargo, el tratamiento alternativo basado en el uso de la planta «chancapiedra» (Phyllantus niruri) es comúnmente empleado en casos de urolitiasis humana en la medicina tradicional peruana, aunque se desconocen sus mecanismos farmacológicos. Se reporta el caso de un conejo macho que presentaba disuria y dolor a la palpación abdominal. El examen radiográfico reveló la presencia de un cuerpo radiopaco en la uretra. Se diagnosticó urolitiasis y se programó el tratamiento quirúrgico para el día siguiente, sugiriéndose como terapia complementaria la infusión de «chancapiedra» como agua de bebida. Al día siguiente, el propietario halló el urolito cerca al dormidero de su mascota y el examen ultrasonográfico reveló la ausencia del cálculo en el tracto urinario del animal. El examen de laboratorio indicó que el urolito estaba compuesto de fosfato amónico-magnésico

The objective of the present study was to describe the macroscopic anatomy of the sinus in the alpaca. Ten skulls of adult alpacas were prepared by the maceration technique, and the description through longitudinal cuts was done using terminology recommended by the Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria. In addition, X-rays with contrast medium were taken to four adult alpacas to determine the relationships of sinus with other anatomical structures. Results showed that the frontal and maxillary sinus were well developed and communicated through the frontomaxillary hole; the frontal sinus is divided into a medial and lateral portion as in small ruminants; the maxillary sinus is undivided and has a communication with the nasal cavity through the nasomaxillary opening as in the equine. The sphenoid and ethmoid sinuses were not evident

El presente estudio tuvo por objetivo la descripción anatómica macroscópica de los senos paranasales de la alpaca. Se utilizaron 10 cabezas de alpacas adultas, donde la capa muscular se removió mediante la técnica de maceración. La descripción de los senos paranasales se hizo a través de cortes longitudinales empleándose la terminología recomendada por la Nómina Anatómica Veterinaria. Asimismo, se tomaron placas radiográficas con un medio de contraste a cuatro alpacas adultas vivas para determinar las relaciones con otras estructuras anatómicas. Los resultados demostraron que los senos frontal y maxilar se encuentran desarrollados y se comunican por el agujero frontomaxilar; el seno frontal se divide en medial y lateral, similar a los rumiantes menores; el seno maxilar es indiviso, similar a los rumiantes, pero se comunica con la cavidad nasal a través de la abertura nasomaxilar, similar al equino. No se evidenciaron los senos esfenoideos y etmoideos

AbstractNH4NO3 simultaneously provides a readily assimilable nitrogen source (ammonia) and a reserve of nitrogen (nitrate), allowing for an increase in Arthrospira platensis biomass production while reducing the cost of the cultivation medium. In this study, a 22plus star central composite experimental design combined with response surface methodology was employed to analyze the influence of light intensity (I) and the total amount of added NH4NO3 (Mt) on a bench-scale tubular photobioreactor for fed-batch cultures. The maximum cell concentration (Xm), cell productivity (PX) and biomass yield on nitrogen (YX/N) were evaluated, as were the protein and lipid contents. Under optimized conditions (I = 148 μmol·photons·m-2·s-1 and Mt = 9.7 mM NH4NO3), Xm = 4710 ±34.4 mg·L-1, PX = 478.9 ±3.8 mg·L-1·d-1 and YX/N = 15.87 ±0.13 mg·mg-1 were obtained. The best conditions for protein content in the biomass (63.2%) were not the same as those that maximized cell growth (I = 180 μmol·photons·m-2·s-1 and Mt = 22.5 mM NH4NO3). Based on these results, it is possible to conclude that ammonium nitrate is an interesting alternate nitrogen source for the cultivation of A. platensisin a fed-batch process and could be used for other photosynthetic microorganisms.

As áreas litorâneas, devido as suas características morfológicas, são potencialmente susceptíveis as alterações ambientais principalmente àquelas relacionadas ao crescente processo de ocupação territorial referente à urbanização. No Brasil, historicamente, o litoral assumiu um papel de suma importância na formação territorial. Os primeiros aglomerados populacionais de origem européia, estrategicamente posicionados ao longo da costa, proporcionaram a ocupação e dominação do espaço, sendo os mesmos, os pontos de comunicação entre o Novo e o Velho Mundo, e que, com o passar dos tempos, alicerçaram a construção nacional, servindo de entrada e saída do continente. Em poucas décadas o rápido crescimento e desenvolvimento das cidades litorâneas impulsionaram os conflitos de ordem física e socioambiental. A partir da década de 1950, no estado de São Paulo, Brasil, com a popularização do automóvel e consolidação das principais vias de comunicação entre o Planalto Paulista e o litoral, Rodovia Anchieta (1953), Rodovia dos Imigrantes (1976) e a segunda pista da Rodovia dos Imigrantes (2002) houve um crescimento no fluxo populacional, principalmente para as cidades da Baixada Santista, verificando-se um consequente e considerável incremento da população flutuante, formada principalmente por turistas e proprietários de segundas residências. Atualmente, a Região Metropolitana da Baixada Santista encontra-se em plena expansão econômica, resultado da industrialização, da expansão portuária, dos investimentos da Petrobras e do turismo. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo a elaboração da Carta de Unidades Geoambientais do município litorâneo de Itanhaém, Baixada Santista, São Paulo, Brasil. Inicialmente realizou-se um inventário dos atributos físicos, referentes à morfometria, e dos dados socioeconômicos, como informações municipais e de uso da terra. Com isso buscou-se a integração dessas informações para a definição das unidades geoambientais, segundo a adaptação da proposta metodológica, fundamentada na abordagem sistêmica, de Mateo Rodriguez (2004). Assim, para a elaboração da Carta de Unidades Geoambientais foram realizados mapeamentos que possibilitaram a caracterização ambiental do município, proporcionando a identificação das capacidades e fragilidades das unidades definidas. Além disso, as informações coletadas e geradas tiveram o intuito de promover um incremento no conhecimento dessa área do litoral paulista. Desse modo o mapeamento realizado para o município possibilitou a identificação das áreas de maior suscetibilidade a problemas ambientais, tornado-se um importante subsídio para a compreensão da dinâmica ambiental, e assim, um instrumento para o planejamento de áreas litorâneas. A elaboração da carta de unidades geoambientais permitiu averiguar a relação entre a capacidade de uso, ou seja, as características físicas de cada unidade geoambiental, e a função socioeconômica, referente ao uso da terra no município. Com base na análise da referida carta, constatou-se as áreas onde há o conflito entre as funções geoambientais e as intervenções antrópicas. Muitas situações incompatíveis foram verificadas, confirmando que a ação antrópica no meio não é limitada pelos atributos físicos, visto a imposição das atividades sobre áreas dinamicamente frágeis.

Coastal areas, due to morphological characteristics, are potentially susceptible to environmental changes, especially those related to the growing process of territorial occupation resulting from urbanization. In Brazil historically the coast has a very important role in territorial shaping. The first settlements from Europe, strategically positioned along the coast, allowed occupation and domination of space, and were the sites of communication between the New and Old World. As time passed, such places underpinned the national construction, serving as continental input and output gateways. In a few decades the rapid growth and development of coastal cities boosted physical and environmental conflicts. From the 1950s on, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, with the popularization of automobiles and the consolidation of the main routes of communication between the coast and the uplands of São Paulo - Anchieta Highway (1953), Immigrants’ Highway (1976) and the second lane of Immigrants’ Highway (2002) - there was an increase in the population flow, especially to Baixada Santista (an official metropolitan area on the coast of the São Paulo state originally centered around the port city of Santos). A consequent and considerable increase in the floating population was verified, mainly consisting of tourists and second home owners. Currently the Baixada Santista Metropolitan Region is booming economically. In continuous transformations the Coastal Zone has undergone numerous operating procedures, including those related to the increasing industrialization in Baixada Santista, the development of the Cubatão industrial complex, the expansion of the Port of Santos, the investments of Petrobras and the tourism. Second homes, also known as vacation or seasonal home, cause a new impact on coastal areas by encouraging urban sprawl and disrupting the social fabric of coastal cities, often causing conflicts between the local and floating population. Another case that stands out is the increased migrant flow, attracted by the prospects of economic growth. Due to the lack of labor qualification, much of this flow is often not absorbed and people become marginalized. As a result of this process areas unsuitable for occupation are taken, favoring slums. In this context, this study was aimed at developing the Map of Geoenvironmental Units of the coastal city of Itanhaém, Baixada Santista, São Paulo, Brazil. Initially the study developed an inventory of physical attributes related to morphometry and of socioeconomic data, such as information from municipal and land use. Therefore data were integrated for the definition of geoenvironmental units according to the adaptation of the proposed methodology, based on the systemic approach by Mateo Rodriguez (2004). Thus for the drafting of the Map of Geoenvironmental Units mappings were conducted, which allowed the environmental characterization of the city and provided the identification of capabilities and weaknesses of the units set. Furthermore the information collected and generated was aimed to promote an increased knowledge of this coastal area. Thus the mapping done for the city allowed the identification of areas of greatest susceptibility to environmental problems, and is an important subsidy for understanding the environmental dynamics in addition to being a tool for the planning of coastal areas.The city of Itanhaém (SP) has a remarkable topographic subdivision. Based on the morphometric analysis two key environmental systems were identified for the city of Itanhaém: the mountain range system, which covers the Atlantic Plateau, the escarpments of the Serra do Mar and isolated hills, and the coastal plain system. As these systems were defined, the functional categories were determined, corresponding to emitting units, transmitting units and units collecting the matter and energy present in the city. The geoenvironmental subunits were delimited drawing on these categories, and their individualization considered the peculiarities in relation to physical conditions, such as morphometrics and geomorphology, and socioeconomic conditions, such as the presence or absence of urbanization and type of use associated. As a result twelve geoenvironmental subunits were determined within the group of functional units: 1. Plateaus - left bank of Mambu river; 2. Plateaus - right bank of Mambu river; 3. Plateaus - tributaries of the Black and White rivers; 4. Escarpments of Serra do Mar; 5. Isolated hills; 6. Marine terraces - level I; 7. Marine terraces - level II; 8. Urbanized marine terraces; 9. Slope deposits; 10; Fluvial plains; 11. Fluvial-marine plains; and 12. Marine Plains. The drafting of the Charter of Geoenvironmental Units allowed determining the relationship between usability, i.e. the physical characteristics of each geoenvironmental unit, and socioeconomic function related to land use in the city of Itanhaém. The analysis of the Map enabled to find the areas with conflict between geoenvironmental functions and human interventions. Many situations were found incompatible, confirming that human action in the environment is not limited by physical attributes, given the imposition of activities on dynamically fragile areas.

The aim of this work was to identify and describe the arterial vessels of the pelvic member of the alpaca (Vicugna pacos). Six adult alpacas were dissected (3 females and 3 males). There were no anatomical differences between males and females. The arterial blood supply leading to the pelvic limbs mainly originates from the external iliac artery and to a lesser extent from the internal iliac artery, as described also for the canine, equine, bovine and llama. The external iliac artery is the main arterial channel that runs through the different regions of the pelvic limb, changing the name (femoral, popliteal, cranial tibial, dorsal pedal), giving off several collateral branches during its course. The superficial circumflex iliac, lateral circumflex femoral, saphenous, the proximal and distal caudal femoral arteries arose from the femoral artery as does the medial circumflex femoral artery. In the alpaca, coinciding with the llama, did not present the deep femoral artery as described in other domestic animals such as dog, horse and bovine. The popliteal artery gives off to the descending genicular artery, as the first collateral branch, the sural arteries and other branches that were distributed at the knee. The longer cranial tibial artery and the less developed caudal tibial have a distribution very similar to that described in the llama. At the level of the tarsus, the saphenous artery divides into the lateral plantar and medial plantar arteries. In the hindfoot, the medial plantar artery has a greater anatomical presence, being its contribution vital to the digital blood perfusion, as occurs in the llama. Thus, although in the pelvic limb of the alpaca has been observed several homologous arteries described in the classic texts of anatomy of domestic animals, they mostly followed an arterial pattern similar to that of the llama.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar y describir los vasos arteriales del miembro pélvico de la alpaca (Vicugna pacos). Se utilizaron seis alpacas adultas (3 hembras y 3 machos). En la disección no se observaron diferencias anatómicas entre machos y hembras. La irrigación se originó a partir de la arteria ilíaca externa, principalmente, y de la arteria ilíaca interna. La arteria ilíaca externa fue el gran conducto arterial que se extendió por las diferentes regiones del miembro pélvico cambiando de denominación (femoral, poplítea, tibial craneal, dorsal del pie), desprendiendo múltiples ramas colaterales durante su curso. Las arterias circunfleja ilíaca superficial, circunfleja femoral lateral, safena y caudales femorales proximal y distal nacieron de la arteria femoral al igual que la arteria circunfleja femoral medial. La alpaca, en coincidencia con la llama, no presentó la arteria femoral profunda que se describe en el canino, equino y bovino. La arteria poplítea dio origen a la arteria descendente de la rodilla, como primera rama colateral, y a las arterias surales y otras ramas que se distribuyeron en la rodilla. La arteria tibial craneal, más larga, y la arteria tibial caudal, menos desarrollada, siguieron una distribución muy similar a la descrita en la llama. A nivel del tarso, la arteria safena se dividió en arteria plantar lateral y plantar medial. En el pie, la arteria plantar medial tuvo una mayor presencia anatómica, siendo su aporte vital para la perfusión sanguínea digital, dado el poco desarrollo de las arterias dorsal del pie y plantar lateral, como también ocurre en la llama. Así, aunque en el miembro pélvico de la alpaca se han observado varias arterias homólogas descritas en los textos clásicos de la anatomía de los animales domésticos, estas siguieron mayormente un patrón arterial similar a la llama.

A postmortem ultrasonography study was performed in the abdominal organs of an Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatos), 28 years old and 38 kg body weight, raised in captivity. The liver showed a hypoechoic homogeneous parenchyma, with six lobes, where the caudate lobe was extended to the last right intercostal and the left medial lobe completely covered the stomach body. The gallbladder, in a pear-shape, was 76.9 mm long, 27 mm thick, and had a 2.8 mm hyperechoic wall and anechoic content. The spleen was located in the left hypochondria, cranial to the kidney; showing homogeneous parenchyma, coarse-grained, and echogenicity slightly increased compared to the liver. The stomach was located caudal to the visceral surface of liver, and showed a division of four segments in relation to the thickness of the wall. The duodenum was located on the right flank (8.2 mm thickness, 18.5 mm diameter). The walls of jejunum and ileum were 3.7 to 3.9 mm thick, with decreased echogenicity compared to the liver. The descending colon was located on the left side of the abdominal cavity with a similar echogenicity as the small intestine. The kidneys were located below the costal border, presented multilobulated morphology with the cortex of similar echogenicity to the liver parenchyma surrounding the medulla that was anechoic

Se realizó el estudio ultrasonográfico postmortem de los órganos abdominales de un oso de anteojos, Tremarctos ornatos, de 28 años de edad y 38 kg p.v., criado en cautiverio. El hígado presentó parénquima homogéneo, hipoecogénico, con seis lóbulos, donde el lóbulo caudado se extendió hasta el último intercostal derecho y el lóbulo medial izquierdo cubrió totalmente el cuerpo del estómago. La vesícula biliar era de forma piriforme, con 76.9 mm de longitud, 27 mm de espesor y 2.8 mm de pared, hiperecogénica y de contenido anecoico. El bazo se ubicó en el hipocondrio izquierdo, craneal al riñón; de parénquima homogéneo, grano grueso, y con ecogenicidad levemente aumentada respecto al hígado. El estómago se localizó caudal a la cara visceral del hígado, y presentó una división de cuatro segmentos según el grosor de la pared. El duodeno se localizó en el flanco derecho (8.2 mm de espesor y 18.5 mm de diámetro). El yeyuno e íleon presentaron paredes de 3.7 a 3.9 mm de espesor, y con ecogenicidad disminuida respecto al hígado. El colon descendente se ubicó al lado izquierdo de la cavidad abdominal, y con ecogenicidad semejante al intestino delgado. Los riñones se localizaron debajo del borde costal, de morfología multilobulada, y corteza de ecogenidad semejante al parénquima hepático que rodea la médula anecoica

The aim of the study was to determine the association between cephalic biotype and severity of periodontal disease in dogs in a pet clinic in Lima between September 2008 and March 2009. Forty five patients’ heads older than one year were classified by the Cephalic Index in brachycephalic and not brachycephalic (mesaticephalic and dolicocephalic), and then, the teeth was evaluated through the Veterinary Periodontal Index. The result showed that 57.8% of animals had periodontal disease, where 81.2% were brachycephalic dogs and 44.8% were not brachycephalic (p<0.05). There was statistical association between missing teeth and presence of periodontal disease. The most affected teeth were premolars

El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la asociación entre el biotipo cefálico y la severidad de la enfermedad periodontal, en los pacientes caninos de una clínica de animales menores de la ciudad de Lima entre septiembre de 2008 y marzo de 2009. Se trabajó con 45 pacientes mayores de un año de edad. Se les clasificó el tipo de cabeza mediante el Índice Cefálico en perros braquiocefálicos y no braquiocefálicos (mesaticefálico y dolicocefálico), y se les evaluó la dentadura mediante el Índice Veterinario Periodontal. El 57.8% de perros presentaron algún grado de enfermedad periodontal, siendo de 81.2% en el biotipo braquiocefálico y de 44.8% en el no braquiocefálico (p<0.05). Además, se encontró asociación estadística entre la ausencia de dientes y la presentación de la enfermedad periodontal. El tipo dentario más afectado fue el premolar

The anatomical description of the reproductive tract of the female llama was studied in four animals. Macroscopically, the reproductive system is morphologically similar to the cow. However, the difference is the absence of intercornual ligament and cotyledons, and the presence of an intercornual septum, as in the alpaca. The distribution of the arteries and veins that irrigated and drained the blood to and from the pelvic cavity and reproductive system presented a vascular distribution almost equal to the ruminant’s pattern and then, they followed a pattern similar to that on the equine. At the reproductive system level, blood vessels adopted a totally different pattern from those described for domestic species. Some arteries had never been described such as the caudal vaginal artery, medium vesical artery, cranial vaginal artery, dorsal uterine artery with its lateral and medial branches, and the arch cervical artery. Each artery had the corresponding satellite vein. The left uterine horn presented a better irrigation as the right uterine artery send its medial right branch to the left side of the reproductive system; moreover, the arch cervical artery established communication between the left and right uterine arteries through the cervix ventral surface. This artery could emerge from the uterine artery itself as well as from its medial branch.

Se hizo la descripción anatómica del tracto reproductor femenino de la llama. Se usaron 4 llamas adultas. Macroscópicamente, la anatomía del aparato reproductor es morfológicamente similar a la del bovino, diferenciándose por la ausencia de ligamento intercornual y cotiledones, así como por la presentación de un tabique intercornual, como es el caso de la alpaca. La distribución de las arterias y venas que irrigaron y drenaron sangre a la cavidad pélvica y aparato reproductor presentaron en un primer tramo, a nivel de la arteria iliaca interna, una distribución vascular casi concordante con los patrones descritos en rumiantes; luego siguió un patrón similar al del equino. A nivel del aparato reproductor, los vasos sanguíneos adoptaron un patrón totalmente diferente al descrito en especies domésticas. Se encontraron arterias no antes descritas como la arteria vaginal caudal, la arteria vesical media, la arteria vaginal craneal, la arteria uterina dorsal con sus ramas lateral y medial, y la arteria arco cervical. A cada arteria encontrada le correspondió una vena satélite. El cuerno uterino izquierdo presentó una mejor irrigación dado que la arteria uterina derecha envió su rama medial derecha hacia el lado izquierdo del aparato reproductor; además, la arteria arco cervical estableció comunicación entre las arterias uterinas izquierda y derecha, pasando por la superficie ventral de la cérvix. Esta arteria puede emerger tanto de la misma arteria uterina como de su rama medial.